The Root Causes of the American Revolution

The American Revolution began in 1775 as an open conflict between the United Thirteen Colonies  and Great Britain. Many factors played a role in the colonists desires to fight for their independence. Not only did these issues lead to war, but they also shaped the foundation of the United States of America. The Cause of the American Revolution No single  event caused the revolution. It was, instead, a series of events that led to the war. Essentially, it began as a disagreement over the way Great Britain governed the colonies and the way the colonies thought they should be treated. Americans felt they deserved all the rights of Englishmen. The British, on the other hand, thought that the colonies were created to be used in ways that best suited the Crown and Parliament. This conflict is embodied in one of the rallying cries of the ​American Revolution: No Taxation Without Representation. Americas Independent Way of Thinking In order to understand what led to the rebellion, its important to look at the mindset of the founding fathers. It should also be noted that this mindset was not that of the majority of colonists: Only about one-third of the colonists supported the rebellion. One-third of the population supported Great Britain, and the other third were neutral. The 18th century is known historically as the age of Enlightenment. It was a period when thinkers, philosophers, statesman, and artists began to question the politics of government, the role of the church, and other fundamental and ethical questions of society as a whole. The period was also known as the Age of Reason, and many colonists followed this new way of thinking. A number of the revolutionary leaders had studied major writings of the Enlightenment, including those of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and the Baron de Montesquieu. From these thinkers, the founders gleaned such new political concepts as the social contract, limited government, the consent of the governed, and the  separation of powers. Lockes writings, in particular, struck a chord. His books helped to raise questions about the rights of the governed and the overreach of the British government. They spurred the republican ideology that stood up in opposition to those viewed as tyrants. Men such as Benjamin Franklin and John Adams were also influenced by the teachings of the Puritans and Presbyterians. These teachings included such new radical ideas as the principle that all men are created equal and the belief that a king has no divine rights. Together, these innovative ways of thinking led many in this era to consider it their duty to rebel against laws they viewed as unjust. The Freedoms and Restrictions of Location The geography of the colonies also contributed to the revolution. Their distance from Great Britain naturally created a sense of independence that was hard to overcome. Those willing to colonize the new world generally had a strong independent streak with a profound desire for new opportunities and more freedom. The Proclamation of 1763 played its own role. After the French and Indian War, King George III issued the royal decree that prevented further colonization west of the Appalachian Mountains. The intent was to normalize relations with the Native Americans, many of whom fought with the French. A number of settlers had purchased land in the now forbidden area or had received land grants. The crowns proclamation was largely ignored as settlers moved anyway and the Proclamation Line eventually moved after much lobbying. Despite this concession, the affair left another stain on the relationship between the colonies and Britain. The Control of Government The existence of colonial legislatures meant that the colonies were in many ways independent of the crown. The legislatures were allowed to levy taxes, muster troops, and pass laws. Over time, these powers became rights in the eyes of many colonists. The British government had different ideas and attempted to curtail the powers of these newly elected bodies. There were numerous measures designed to ensure the colonial legislatures did not achieve autonomy, although many had nothing to do with the larger British Empire. In the minds of colonists, they were a matter of local concern. From these small, rebellious legislative bodies that represented the colonists, the future leaders of the United States were born. The Economic Troubles Even though the British believed in mercantilism, Prime Minister Robert Walpole espoused a view of salutary neglect. This system was in place from 1607 through 1763, during which the British were lax on enforcement of external trade relations. Walpole believed this enhanced freedom would stimulate commerce. The French and Indian War led to considerable economic trouble for the British government. Its cost was significant, and the British were determined to make up for the lack of funds. They levied new taxes on the colonists and increased trade regulations. These actions were not well received by the colonists. New taxes were enforced, including the Sugar Act and the Currency Act, both in 1764. The Sugar Act increased already considerable taxes on molasses and restricted certain export goods to Britain alone. The Currency Act prohibited the printing of money in the colonies, making businesses rely more on the crippled British economy.   Feeling underrepresented, overtaxed, and unable to engage in free trade, the colonists rallied to the slogan, No Taxation Without Representation. This discontent became very apparent in 1773 with the events that later became known as the Boston Tea Party. The Corruption and Control The British governments presence became increasingly more visible in the years leading to the revolution. British officials and soldiers were given more control over the colonists and this led to widespread corruption. Among the most glaring of these issues were the Writs of Assistance. These were general search warrants that gave British soldiers the right to search and seize any property they deemed to be smuggled or illegal goods. Designed to assist the British in enforcing trade laws, these documents allowed British soldiers to enter, search, and seize warehouses, private homes, and ships whenever necessary. However, many abused this power. In 1761, Boston lawyer James Otis fought for the constitutional rights of the colonists in this matter but lost. The defeat only inflamed the level of defiance and ultimately led to the Fourth Amendment in the U.S. Constitution. The Third Amendment was also inspired by the overreach of the British government. Forcing colonists to house British soldiers in their homes infuriated the population. It was inconvenient and costly to the colonists, and many also found it a traumatic experience after events like the  Boston Massacre in 1770. The Criminal Justice System Trade and commerce were overly controlled, the British Army made its presence known, and the local colonial government was limited by a power far across the Atlantic Ocean. If these affronts to the colonists dignity were not enough to ignite the fires of rebellion, American colonists also had to endure a corrupt justice system. Political protests became a regular occurrence as these realities set in. In 1769, Alexander McDougall was imprisoned for libel when his work To the Betrayed Inhabitants of the City and Colony of New York was published. His imprisonment and the Boston Massacre were just two infamous examples of the measures the British took to crack down on protesters.   After six British soldiers were acquitted and two dishonorably discharged for the Boston Massacre—ironically enough, they were defended by John Adams—the British government changed the rules. From then on, officers accused of any offense in the colonies would be sent to England for trial. This meant that fewer witnesses would be on hand to give their accounts of events and it led to even fewer convictions. To make matters even worse, jury trials were replaced with verdicts and punishments handed down directly by colonial judges. Over time, the colonial authorities lost power over this as well because the judges were known to be chosen, paid, and supervised by the British government. The right to a fair trial by a jury of their peers was no longer possible for many colonists. Grievances That Led to Revolution and the Constitution All of these grievances that colonists had with the British government led to the events of the American Revolution. And many of these grievances directly affected what the founding fathers wrote into the U.S. Constitution. These constitutional rights and principles reflect the hopes of the framers that the new American government would not subject their citizens to the same loss of freedoms that the colonists had experienced under Britains rule.

Judaism, Christianity, And Islam - 1670 Words

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the three major monotheistic religions in the world, not only do these religions differ in spirituality, but the gender roles between males and females are quite different as well. In Islam, women are allowed to take on professions, in Christianity women were healed by Jesus and followers of Christ and in Judaism, women were looked to as spiritual leaders and housewives that made an extreme impact on their children. All roles were different among these women in these three religions, and they differ in so many more ways. To begin with, Islam is the second largest of the three major monotheistic religions. Muslims believe that the Quran is God’s word as revealed to the prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. According to iupui.edu women, make up, half of society and they are responsible for the nurturing, guidance and reformation of the subsequent generations of men and women. It is the female who imbues principles and faith into the so uls of the nation. The women have a full financial status that is no less than that of the man. She has the right, in the same way that a man does to possess all types of wealth, whether it be in the form of assets, real estate or cash. She has the right to use her wealth in any manner she wishes. According to the Quran, men and women have the same spirit, there is no superiority in the spiritual sense among men and women. Subsequently, there is no restriction in Islamic law that says a woman cannotShow MoreRelatedJudaism, Christianity, And Islam992 Words   |  4 PagesJudaism, Christianity and Islam are three of the most recognized monotheistic religions worldwide. These religions are often referred to as the Abrahamic religions because of their history to the founding father, Abraham. Judaism, Christianity and Islam are closely related with varying differences. 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The Structural Lightweight Concrete For Thermal Energy Storage

Question: Discuss about the Structural Lightweight Concrete For Thermal Energy Storage. Answer: Compressive strengths of concrete The necessity to get the compressive strength of concrete is that one gets to know the characteristics of concrete and whether concrete has been properly done. The compressive strength of concrete varies depending on the type of structures for which the concrete is intended. The compressive strength of concrete varies. It varies from 15 MPa (2200 psi) to 30 MPa (4400 psi). These depend on a number of factors like quality of concrete material, the strength of cement, water-cement ration as well as quality control when producing concrete. The testing of the compressive strength of concrete gets done on cylinder or cube (Hsu, 2017). Mix design for structural lightweight concrete The building industry is going higher and higher making the span of concrete to be longer and longer. It paves way for the growth of lightweight structural concrete. Lightweight concrete is a concrete with 2,000 psi for 28 days, with less than 115 pounds per cubic foot of air dry unit. In lightweight concrete mix design, keeping workability at the same time minimizing unit water content and getting the availability of mix water for hydration is a challenge. This is because there are high absorption rates as well as rough texture prohibiting the determination specific gravity of lightweight combinations. The application of specific gravity factor solves the problem. This method uses total water requirement and the amount needed to fulfill aggregate absorption characteristics it is established with the use of trial mixes (Hwang and Hung, 2005). The volumetric method is another method employed particularly when dealing with same materials. The initial design gets derived with the use of known volumes of moisture-free aggregates. The amount of water get determined with use of trial mixes and then added to secure the needed slump. On get the desired design, batch weights are converted with use of previous unit weight obtained from separate aggregate sizes. Batch weights are then balanced in the field for any dampness contained in the totals at the point of clustering. Even though the trial blends require some feeling with respect to the blend architect, combined with data that can be given by the producer, a few general standards ought to be remembered. On separate consideration of fine and coarse aggregate, the entire weight of one cubic yard of aggregate ranges from 30 to 32 cubic feet (Clarke, 2014). Porous materials for thermal energy storage in buildings The only storage concept in building is the use of porous materials with the chemical and physical sorption properties of gases that are reversible. It is a long-term solution for thermal energy storage in building because of its long-term, seasonal and low-temperature storage. These materials are capable of holding up to an approximate of 140oC of temperatures. The use of micro and meso-porous materials is essential. These micro and meso-porous materials entails a bigger aspect of solids that fall under micro-porous (0-2 nm) and meso-porous (2-50 nm) where the permeability must have a particular effect on the properties of the material as well as use (Zhou, Zhao, and Tian, 2012). The zeolites materials, zeolite-like materials, carbon molecular sieves, pillared materials, clathrasils, as well as clathrates, meso-porous materials, organic and/or inorganic porous hybrid materials (Schth and Schmidt, 2002) among others are examples of porous materials produced that can be utilized for b uildings. These PCM with the capability to store passive heat gains as latent heat in a given temperature range reducing energy usage, enhancing thermal comfort by adjusting the fluctuations in temperature and reducing peak loads (Jiang et al., 2010). References Clarke, J.L., 2014. Structural lightweight aggregate concrete. CRC Press. Hsu, T.T., 2017. Unified theory of reinforced concrete. Routledge. Hwang, C.L. and Hung, M.F., 2005. Durability design and performance of self-consolidating lightweight concrete. Construction and building materials, 19(8), pp.619-626. Jiang, H.L., Tatsu, Y., Lu, Z.H. and Xu, Q., 2010. Non-, micro-, and mesoporous metal organic framework isomers: reversible transformation, fluorescence sensing, and large molecule separation. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132(16), pp.5586-5587. Schth, F. and Schmidt, W., 2002. Microporous and mesoporous materials. Advanced Materials, 14(9), pp.629-638. https://www.journals.elsevier.com/microporous-and-mesoporous-materials Zhou, D., Zhao, C.Y. and Tian, Y., 2012. Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials (PCMs) in building applications. Applied energy, 92, pp.593-605.